Poryck

Jews are first mentioned as residing in Poryck in the mid-16th century. After the Third Partition of Poland (1795) Poryck, along with the entire Volhyn District, became part of the Russian Empire. The Jewish population of Poryck grew steadily. In 1897, it numbered 1,316 and comprised 58.1 percent of the total population. At the beginning of World War I the local Jews suffered a pogrom. In 1915, as the fighting increased near the town, 150 families fled temporarily and peasants and Russian soldiers looted Jewish property. After World War I Poryck was incorporated into the independent Polish state. During the interwar years Zionist parties and youth movements (especially Hashomer Hatzair), as well as Zionist pioneering training communes (such as those of HeHalutz), were active in Poryck. There were also diverse Jewish educational activities. Tarbut, the Zionist Hebrew-language network of educational institutions, operated a school and a library in the town, and there was also a Yiddish school and a Hebrew private school. After September 17, 1939, with the entry of the Red Army into the town following the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, Poryck became part of Soviet Ukraine. It is estimated that in 1941, after the beginning of the Soviet-German war, the Jewish population reached 3,000 as refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland streamed into the town. The Germans captured Poryck on June 23, 1941. In late August or early September, 1941 the Germans shot to death about 100 Jewish men, women, and children in the forest outside the town. In the summer and fall of 1941 the Germans implemented a series of anti-Jewish measures in Poryck. A night curfew was imposed on the Jews and they were ordered to wear armbands bearing the Star of David (later replaced with a yellow circle on their chests). They were also subjected to heavy forced labor, prohibited from leaving the town, and victimized by systematic beatings by the Ukrainian police. The Germans also established a Jewish council (Judenrat) to transmit their orders to the Jewish population. From the summer of 1941 and in 1942 the German authorities imposed a series of "contributions" on the Jewish population, compelling them to hand over all valuables and fur clothing. In the winter of 1941-1942 or the spring of 1942, the Germans established an open ghetto in Poryck, as they resettled the Jews from the surrounding villages in the town. This resulted in considerable overcrowding and the spread of disease, including typhus. A hospital existed inside the Jewish quarter of Poryck. On September 1, 1942 members of the German Gendarmerie (rural order police), assisted by Ukrainian auxiliary police, burst into the ghetto and shot to death Jewish patients in the hospital and some elderly Jews who were unable to walk. The rest (mainly women and children) were taken to the village of Przesławicze, where they were kept in the camp there. After three days, during which time approximately 300 people died, the remaining Jews were taken from the camp to the Kuczków farmstead, where they were shot to death. This murder operation was concluded on September 5, 1942. It is estimated that about 2,000 Jews from Poryck and its surroundings were murdered at this time. According to one testimony, about 100 Jews who had fled from Poryck at the start of the murder operation were soon recaptured and taken back to town. There the Ukrainian police cut off their hands or other parts of their bodies and then burned them alive in the remaining Jewish houses. Poryck was liberated by the Red Army on July 18, 1944. In 1945 the town was renamed Pavlovka (Pavlivka).