Shmuel Kipper

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During the Shoah, Jews were murdered in a variety of ways, among them gassing, shooting, burning, drowning or burial alive, exhaustion through forced labor, starvation, epidemic diseases, deprivation of medical care and minimal hygienic conditions, and more. Some Jews took their own lives in order to escape arrest and further persecution, or to end their hopeless, relentless suffering. Tens of thousands of Jewish soldiers serving in the Soviet army and captured as POWs were selected as Jews and murdered. Many were registered as “missing in action”.