Collective testimony of survivors Kurt Chaim Shternshus, born 1932 [?], Claire Shternshus, born 1936, Yehuda Tenenhaus, born 1928, Yehudit Yeti Elenbogen, born 1922, Joseph Vaserman, born 1930, Regina Kaufman, born 1933, Joseph Fishel Veinberg Carmin, born 1930, and David Bakal, born 1923, all born in Romania, and Yisrael Elenbogen, born in Austria, 1919, regarding the Murafa Ghetto, Transnistria

Collective testimony of survivors Kurt Chaim Shternshus, born 1932 [?], Claire Shternshus, born 1936, Yehuda Tenenhaus, born 1928, Yehudit Yeti Elenbogen, born 1922, Joseph Vaserman, born 1930, Regina Kaufman, born 1933, Joseph Fishel Veinberg Carmin, born 1930, and David Bakal, born 1923, all born in Romania, and Yisrael Elenbogen, born in Austria, 1919, regarding the Murafa Ghetto, Transnistria Collective testimony of: Kurt Chaim Shternshus, born in Cernauti, Romania, 1932 [?], Claire Shternshus, born in Cernauti, Romania, 1936, Yehuda Tenenhaus, born in Suceava, Romania, 1928, Yisrael Elenbogen, born in Vienna, Austria, 1919, Yehudit Yeti Elenbogen, born in Suceava, Romania, 1922, Joseph Vaserman, born in Hotin, Romania, 1930, Regina Kaufman, born in Cozmeni, Romania, 1933, Joseph Fishel Veinberg Carmin, born in Suceava, Romania, 1930 and David Bakal, born in Suceava, Romania, 1923, regarding the story of the Murafa Ghetto in Transnistria as documented by a group of ghetto survivors Goals of the testimony: A. Discussion and clarification of details that were not recounted in the individual interviews and an attempt to paint a picture of a highly polarized ghetto in terms of the socio-economic, social and cultural levels of the population as well as the degree of organization on the public and the family level as a tool for aiding survival. B. New insights arrived at from a perspective of 64 years after liberation. Topics that were discussed and that came up during the gathering: - The differences between the deportation of the Jews from Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and the Jews from southern Bukovina; - The historical circumstances; - The physical conditions and a description of the geographic and demographic milieu; - The Romanian authorities and the relationship with it; - The local Ukrainian Jews, their culture, and the living conditions after the arrival of the Jewish deportees; - Interaction between the local Jews and the deportees, and the contribution of each group to each other in the name of survival; - Attributes of groups with different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; - Relationship between various groups of deportees; - The differences in daily life as expressed by each of the various groups of Jews in the Murafa Ghetto; - Daily occupation of the various age groups; - Interaction between adolescent boys and girls; - Establishment of public organizations as aid to survival; - Religious holidays and religious life; - Mutual aid and responsibility among the deportees; - The power of the population to replace the heads of committees or committee members who were not suitable for their task.