Trial by the district courts in Klagenfurt, Vienna, Salzburg and Linz against members of the HSSPF Lublin, volume 50: Correspondence between the district court in Vienna and other regional courts regarding members of the HSSPF Lublin

Documentation from trials conducted in Landesgericht Klagenfurt (the Klagenfurt District Court), Landesgericht Wien (the Vienna District Court), Landesgericht Salzburg (the Salzburg District Court) and Landesgericht Linz (the Linz District Court) against members of the HSSPF (Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer-Higher SS and Police Leader) Lublin: Documentation of the trial, volume 50: Correspondence between Landesgericht Wien and other regional courts regarding members of the HSSPF Lublin - Yad Vashem file card (p. 1); - Landesgericht Klagenfurt file card (p. 2); - Letter from Prosecutor Beier to District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler containing three copies of the testimonies of E. Korczycki and Symcha Korngold (p. 3); - Testimony against the former director of the Gestapo in Warsaw, Dr. Ludwig Hahn, by the textile manufacturer, Symcha Korngold, born in Magnuszew, 16 May 1908: Arrival of the witness in Warsaw at the age of nineteen, 1927; deportation to the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941; owner of a tricot factory which later is affiliated to the German Schultz Company from 1929 until the outbreak of the war; work for the Schultz Company in the knitting department until the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1942-19 April 1943; no payment for his work by the company; 30,000 Jewish workers for the Schultz company, in 1942; first resettlement "Aktion" to the Treblinka camp under the direction of Dr. Ludwig Hahn, 22 June 194; receipt of money by the Schultz and Toebbens Companies from Jews who refused to be deported; fencing in of the companies as a factory area, August 1942; deportation of 6,000 Jews to Treblinka, 14 August 1942; hiding of his children in the factory; description of the selection in Mila Street, September 1942, as 8,000 Jews are selected to go back to the company, while 50,000 other Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto are deported; description of another big selection in the Warsaw Ghetto, December 1942; deportation of some Jewish workers at the Schultz company to Trawniki and Poniatow, January 1943; return of some of the Jews from Trawniki to tell the workers in the Warsaw Ghetto how nice the life in Trawniki is; advice from the agitators that the witness go to Trawniki with 312 other workers; announcement that the Schultz/Toebbens Company is being transferred to Trawniki and Poniatow, 19 April 1943; remaining of the witness and his family in Warsaw until 27 April 1943; transfer of his children to the Aryan side; escape to the Aryan side through a channel; description of the Austausch "Aktion" (exchange action) in Hotel Polski where Jews, including the witness, thought they were part of an exchange leading to their aliya to Eretz Israel, but in reality they were being deported to Bergen-Belsen, 13 July 1943; deportation of Jews from Bergen-Belsen to Auschwitz-Birkenau under the pretext of a transfer to Switzerland, 19 November 1943; the witness and his family remain in Bergen-Belsen until 07 April 1945; liberation by the US Army, 14 April 1945; aliya to Israel, 08 September 1954 (pp. 4-11); - Testimony of Max Jesuiter at the Munich police headquarters, 02 October 1963: Complementary material to his testimony of 17 October1961; information regarding the assassination of Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in Warsaw, 01 February 1944; description of the Rassen- und Siedlungshauptamt und SS Standortverwaltung (Race and Settlement Main Office and the SS Garrison Administration) in the Warsaw Ghetto; comments regarding various names on the list of the accused and identification of photographs; testimony concerning the resettlement "Aktion" in 1942; names of participants in the resettlement "Aktion"; description of his work at the Werterfassungsstelle (camp for Jewish belongings); information regarding the Stroop "Aktion"; comments concerning the Stroop reports which documented the resettlement "Aktions" in the Warsaw Ghetto, which the witness often signed; taking notice of an erasure of some words to hide the true facts of the deportations; comments regarding various Telexes; summing up of the content of the reports; statement that both he and Stroop knew about the extermination in Treblinka; testimony regarding the driver Bandit and the organizational function of the SS and police guard; comments concerning institutions such as the Reichskommissariat fuer die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums (Reich Commission for the Consolidation of German Nationality), Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi- Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans) and Rassen und Siedlungshauptamt; testimony regarding a certificate of the Institute for Contemporary History (pp.12-38); - Text by E. Korczycki "Eure und unsere Freiheit" (Your Freedom and Ours): Reports regarding the resettlement "Aktion" in the Warsaw Ghetto; detailed comments concerning the participants, organizations and facts; description of loading Jews into the train cars; comments regarding Hoymann, Michalsen, Witasek, Brandt, Einert, Orph, Hantke, Becker and Rohrenschop; a personal statement and comments concerning the situation and his life after the Warsaw Ghetto; a personal and emotional description of his time in the Warsaw Ghetto and the resettlement "Aktions", 22 July 1942; desire to write about his experiences in the Warsaw Ghetto to pass on to posterity; description of murder and violence towards Jews (pp. 39-46); - Letter to Landesgericht Hamburg from Prosecutor Beier in Stuttgart, 30 September 1963, containing a notice regarding an analysis of documents from the State Compensation Office in Stuttgart; the analysis provides an overview of all affected [?] people of the Warsaw Ghetto (pp. 47-50); - Documents from the trial against Pohl and others sent to District Judge Dr. Schertler including: 1) A notice from 22 November 1963 regarding Zylberberg; 2) Two notices from 30 September 1963 regarding the State Compensation Office in Stuttgart; 3) Protocol of the testimony of Max Jesuiter, 02 October 1963 (pp. 51-53); - Results of the analysis of the documents from the State Compensation Office in Stuttgart: Findings regarding various defendants; summaries of the book "Martyrologia i Zaglada Zydow Warszawskisch" (Martyrdom and Extermination of the Jews of Warsaw) by Henryk Rudnicki; short summary of the book "Das Grosse Entsetzen" (The Great Horror) by Ber Baskind, and an excerpt from "Das Generalgouvernement" (pp. 54-58); - Interrogation request from Landesgericht Wien to the Federal Ministry for Justice in reference to the defendant Lanz (pp. 59-60); - Letter to Landesgericht Hamburg from Dr. Ernst Schertler with the reference to the defendant Benedikt Farkas (pp. 61-62); - Letter from Dr. Ernst Schertler to Landesgericht Hamburg, 10 January 1964 containing a copy of the protocol of the testimony of Otto Geibel (pp. 63-65); - Letter from Prosecutor Dr. Kloeckner to District Judge Dr. Schertler with documents regarding the witness Mrs. Frydman (p. 66); - Letter from the World Jewish Congress (WJC) to Prosecutor Beier containing documents regarding Mrs. Frydman (p. 67); - Letter from Mrs. Frydman to the WJC containing her answers to the questions posed by the Congress, comments regarding various defendants, identification of the defendants, reports concerning war criminals, and the registration of Jewish property (pp. 68-69); - Letter from Prosecutor Dr. Kloeckner to Dr. Ernst Schertler, 17 January 1964, containing copies of various testimonies (p. 70); - Letter from Landesgericht Innsbruck to Landesgericht Wien, 15 January 1964, in reference to a file currently being used by Landesgericht Linz (p. 71); - Letter to Landesgericht Linz from Landesgericht Wien in reference to a file needed for the trial against Pohl and others (p. 72); - Letter from Landesgericht Innsbruck to Landesgericht Wien in reference to a file needed for a trail against Pohl (p. 73); - Transmission of the files from Landesgericht Innsbruck to Landesgericht Wien, 25 January 1963 (pp. 74-75, 77); - Transmission of the file of Helmut Pohl from Landesgericht Linz to Landesgericht Wien (p. 76); - Letter from Landesgericht Innsbruck to Landesgericht Linz containing files for the trial against Pohl and others, 01 April 1964 (p. 78-81); - Testimony of Konrad Preissler in Kaufbeuren, 02 November 1963: Born in Reichenau, 18 June 1905; arrival at the Waffen SS Berlin-Oranienburg, May 1940; transfer to Warsaw for basic training for two or three months; transfer to the SSPF Lublin, August-September 1940; participation in the resettlement command; accompanying of the Jews to the trains until March 1941; work as a guard in the labor command in the Lipowa camp until autumn 1941; work as a guard in Majdanek until summer 1944; assertion that he was never in active service because he was only the canteen administrator; listing of names of participants in the resettlement "Aktions" and guards in Lipowa; testimony regarding the mass shooting in Majdanek, 03 November 1943 (pp. 82-86); - Testimony of Erhard Strogaly in the Gelsenkirchenon police office, 07 November 1963: Born in Berlin, 01 August 1907; completion of his testimony from 10 October 1963; arrival in Lublin; January 1942; work as a cash manager at SSPF Lublin until 22 July 1944; testimony regarding members of the general premises administration Lublin, workers at the farm in Annopol and shootings of Jews; service in Annopol in September 1943; service in the Poniatowa camp for two or three months (pp. 87-92); - Testimony of Theodor Ullrich: Born in Hamburg-Altona 21 December 1906; arrival at the Police Battalion in Lublin, February 1940; transfer to Zamosc, July 1940; return to Lublin, August 1940; participation in the resettlement command; testimony regarding members of the SSPF Lublin and preparations for the resettlement "Aktions" at Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle; report regarding the organization of the resettlement "Aktions"; transfer to VoMi from the Umsiedlungsstab (resettlement staff), 1940; work at VoMi until June 1941; testimony regarding various situations in which Jews were mistreated (pp. 93-98); - Testimony of Dr. Harry Sturm in Wiesbaden, 07 March 1961: Description of the place where the SSPF Lublin office was located; testimony regarding Stapo interrogation methods in their headquarters and in the prison in a castle near Lublin; discussion of the medical condition of the people during a spotted fever epidemic in the Lublin Ghetto; liquidation and organization of the Lublin Ghetto, March-April 1942; participation in various resettlement "Aktions", and command of one of them; denial that he shot Goldfarb; statement that he discussed with Worthoff whether they should shoot Dr. Alten, Grajer and Goldfarb to "rescue" them from Majdanek; report of his visit to Majdanek; admission that Goldfarb was shot; denial of knowledge of who shot Goldfarb; admission that Grajer and Dr. Alten were shot; denial that he shot a Jew named Sturm, despite the testimony of three witnesses claiming they saw it happen; testimony regarding the POW camp in Lipowa Str. Lublin and the shooting of Russian POWs [there] (pp. 99-109); - Testimony of Emilie Babitzka in Gelnhausen, 04 December 1963: Born in Bruenn, 23 January 1905; testimony regarding a visit to her husband in Lublin for one week in 1941; move to Lublin with her husband and children for one year, May 1943; different people she met in Lublin; denial of any knowledge regarding the extermination of Jews (pp. 110-112); - Testimony of Jutta Jaroschowitz; Born 16 September 1920; death of her husband Egon Jaroschowitz, 01 February 1957; arrival of her husband in Lublin, November 1942; work for the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle; transfer to Tomaszow-Lubelski where he established the Landwirtschaftschule (agricultural school); work at the Landwirtschaftschule until July 1944; arrival of the witness at SSPF Lublin, in October 1942; work for the Dienststelle des Reichskommisars fuer die Festigungs des deutschen Volkes (Reich Commissioners Office for the Solidarity of the German People); listing of names of the former employees of this office; work in Polzin for the Food Agency, until 1944; work in the office of Globocnik in Trieste until May 1945; she cannot testify regarding any "Aktions" against Jews (pp. 113-118); - Testimony of Hermann Reibert in Biedenkopf, 03 December 1963: Born in Wolfsgruben, 04 September 1910; arrival at Waffen SS Krakow and Radom, 1939; work as a chef; transfer to the Belzec camp, summer 1940; work as a chef for two months; transfer to Lublin due to the resettlement "Aktions"; help provided to Volksdeutschen (ethnic Germans) with their transportation until 1941; work as a guard in the Lipowa camp until winter 1941; report regarding his time in Belzec and in Lipowa; listing of the names of guards and SS personnel at the Lipowa camp; assertion that his guard unit was not involved in mistreatment of Jews (pp. 119-123); - Letter to the Landesgericht Wien from the Graz police administration, 27 October 1964, containing a rogatory letter regarding Anton Kreuzner, August Bilch and Dr. Klug (p. 124); - Testimony of Anton Kreuzer: Born in Graz, 05July 1907; work for the Steiner Leather Company, 1930-1940; work for the Brezina Leather Company, 1940-1942; transfer to Gebirgsregiment 138 in Marburg, 1942; transfer to Leningrad, 1942; wounding and hospitalization; transfer to Krapotkin, 1943; transfer to Perleberg, Germany; wounded near Kurische Nehrung; hospitalization in Flensburg; taken prisoner by the British Army; release from the hospital, 1945; transfer to Austria, July 1945; denial that he was ever in the Lublin camp (pp. 125-126); - Letter to District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler from Landesgericht Hamburg, 30 January 1964 containing three copies of the complete WJC report issued 02 January 1964 regarding the witness Mrs. Frydmann (p. 127); - Letter from the WJC to Prosecutor Beier in Landesgericht Hamburg stating that Mrs. Frydmann does not wish to testify another time (p. 128); - Testimony of Szlama Bines in Kaiserslautern, 28 January 1964: Born in Krasnik, 02 March1927; an inmate in Dachau and other extermination camps and ghettos, 1940-1945; liberation by the US Army; the witness cannot remember the names of all the camps he was in but he remembers Majdanek; testimony regarding being an eyewitness to the abuse and murder of Jews; the witness cannot remember the names of any of the defendants (pp.129-130); - Handwritten notice (p. 131); - Postal delivery document from Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 26 November 1963 (pp.132-133); - Protocol: The witness Szlama Bines did not appear at the Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 11 December 1963 (p. 134); - Postal delivery document from Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 28 December 1963 (pp. 135-136); - Writ of habeas corpus for the witness Szlama Bines in Landesgericht Kaiserslautern (pp. 137-138); - Postal delivery document from Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 16 January 1964 (pp. 139-140); - Protocol: Szlama Bines did not appear at Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 08 January 1964 (p. 141); - Interrogation request from District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler in reference to witness Szlama Bines, 01 December 1963 (pp. 142-143); - Fine file in criminal proceeding against Helmut Pohl regarding the witness Szlama Bines (p. 144); - Letter to Landesgericht Wien from Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 12 February 1965 in reference to the payment of the fine (p. 145); - Application of enforcement regarding the witness Szlama Bines, 15 January 1965, in Kaiserslautern (pp. 146-148); - Letter to Szlama Bines in reference to the fines of approximately 70DM (p. 149); - Letter from Szlama Bines' attorney to Landesgericht Kaiserslautern, 30 January 1964 containing an explanation for the non-appearance of Szlama Bines (p. 150-151); - Trial proxy [?] of Prosecutor Dr. Huber (p. 152); - Protocol from 08 January 1964:non-appearance of Szlama Bines at Landesgericht Kaiserslautern (p. 153); - Decision of Landesgericht Kaiserslautern from 11 December 1963 assigning fines and four days detention for Szlama Bines (p. 154); - Postal delivery document regarding the witness Szlama Brines (p.155-158); - Letter to the Prosecutor of Landesgericht Wien from Prosecutor Fricke in Dortmund, 21 January 1964 with reference to the criminal proceeding against Lothar Weirauch; the letter refers to the criminal proceeding against members of the Bevoelkerungswesen und Fuersorge (Population and Welfare) Department who are accused of participation in the resettlement "Aktion" against Jews in 1942, the deportation of Jews to extermination camps as part of "Aktion" Reinhard and accessories to murder; it also contains a list of the names of the accused and explains incidents and facts connected to "Aktion" Reinhard, the plan of SS and Police Commander Globocnik to resettle Jews from the ghettos in the Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka and Majdanek extermination camps; most of the defendants testified that they did not know that the Jews were murdered after the transport, the letter contains sources which confirm that there are grounds for suspicion of these claims; the accused admitted that they had orders regarding the deportation of Jews in the Lublin district but these orders were not for deportation to the extermination camps; the letter contains questions which the accused should be asked during the interrogation; the suspicions are based on the "report of the conference concerning the resettlement of Polish and Jews in the Generalgouvernement in Reichssicherheitshauptamt Berlin", 08 January 1941 (pp.159-173); - Letter from Dr. Ernst Schertler to Prosecutor Dr. Siehlow, 11 March 1964, containing the protocol of [the testimonies of] Helmut Pohl and Ernst Lerch, the return of a photograph negative and a report of the interrogation of Franz Nowak (p. 174); - Letter from Dr. Schierholt to Landesgericht Wien, 31 January 1964, containing a protocol of the testimony of Wilhelm Gohr (p. 175); - Interrogation request from Dr. Ernst Schertler to Landesgericht Hamburg, 22 November 1963 containing a request to hear the testimony of the witness Wilhelm Gohr regarding the resettlement "Aktions" in the Warsaw Ghetto, murder in Trawniki, liquidation of Trawniki and the participation of Max Meierhofer (pp. 176-177); - Testimony of Wilhelm Gohr in Hamburg, 21 January 1964: Born in Bromberg, 22 March 1888; confirmation of his testimony from 12 March 1963; testimony regarding the resettlement "Aktions" in the Warsaw Ghetto, murder in Trawniki and liquidation of Trawniki; assertion that he does not know Max Meierhofer; assertion that he only knows Kutschera from the list of names (p.178-179); - Letter from the Federal Ministry for Justice to Landesgericht Wien containing a report from 17 March 1963 (p. 180); - Letter from the Austrian Embassy in Paris to the Federal Ministry for Justice in Vienna, 21 January 1964, containing confirmation of the rogatory letter(p. 181); - Documents in French (pp. 182-190); - Letter from the Kriminalbrigarde regarding the criminal proceeding against Georg Mezer in reference to the rogatory letter of Dr. Ernst Schertler and the participation of the accused in 'Aktions" against Jews and Poles in Auschwitz (p. 182-190); - Testimony of Berta Dukarewicz, 24 October 1963: Born in Dvinsk, 01 April 1885; translation by her daughter, Franziska Dukarewicz; a resident of Warsaw at the time of the occupation of Poland by German Army; successful evasion of resettlement "Aktions" in the ghetto; escape from the ghetto, September 1942; in hiding at the home of a Christian family with her daughter; death of her husband, 23 June 1942; she does not know anyone from the list of accused because she was never in Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec or Majdanek (pp. 193-196); - Testimony of Hermann Henry Artmann, 29 November 1963, translated from French to German; Born in Warsaw, 11 December 1915; work as a jeweler; an inmate of the Warsaw Ghetto; taken to the Umschlagplatz, 02 May 1943; deportation by train car to Treblinka and directly to Majdanek; transfer to Auschwitz-Birkenau after four months in Majdanek; transfer to Gusen three months late; liberation by the US Army, 05 May 1945; identification of Dr. Karl Fischer and Georg Meyer from the list of the accused; demand for an identity parade with the accused to give more information (pp. 197-200); - Testimony of Marta Rachela Rojze, 16 December 1963: Born in Warsaw, 08 April 1921; inmate of the Warsaw Ghetto during the German occupation; never deported to a camp; does not know anyone from the list of the accused (pp. 201-203); - Interrogation request to the Paris Regional Court from District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler, 15 July 1963, regarding Hermann Artmann, Berta Dukarewicz and Rachela Rojzen (pp. 204-206); - Letter to Landesgericht Wien from Gendarmeriepostenkommando(Gendarmerie Command Post) Hartberg, 14 February 1964 regarding information concerning Franz Krakhofer, born 02 October 1902 (pp. 207-208); - Letter to the President of Landesgericht Klagenfurt from District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler in Vienna, 21 February 1964, containing a request to hear the testimony of Reinhold Mohrenschildt, Ernst Lerch and Margarethe Mohrenschildt (pp. 209-210); - Letter from the President of Landesgericht Klagenfurt to District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler, 25 February 1964, containing confirmation regarding the hearing of the testimony of Reinhold Mohrenschildt, Ernst Lerch and Margarethe Mohrenschildt (p. 211); - Letter to Court Manager of Landesgericht Lienz from District Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler in reference to the trial against Helmut Pohl (pp. 212-213); - Letter from Court Manager Dr. Eduard Camp, 24 February 1964, containing confirmation of the interrogation of Helmut Pohl, on 05 March 1964 (p. 214); - Letter to the President of Landesgericht Wien from Dr. Ernst Schertler, 21 February 1964, regarding an application for a business trip (p. 215); - Confirmation of a business trip to Landesgericht Klagenfurt by Dr. Ernst Schertler, 03-06 March 1964 (p. 216); - Letter from Prosecutor Beier to Dr. Ernst Schertler with an attachment containing notices and lists regarding the causes of deaths of Jews in various ghettos (pp. 217-219); - Interrogation request from Dr. Ernst Schertler to the Szczecin Regional Court, 24 February 1964 regarding the hearing of Jan Josef Lewicki and Stanislaw Werda in reference to the extermination and persecution of Jews in Warsaw and to the participation of the accused (pp. 220-222); - Letter to Federal Ministry of Justice from Landesgericht Wien, 05 March 1964 regarding a rogatory letter and translations to the Szczecin, Warsaw and Lodz Regional Courts (p. 223); - Interrogation request from Dr. Ernst Schertler to the Warsaw Regional Court, 24 February 1964 containing a request to hear the testimony of Henryk Nowogrodski and Jerzy Lewineki (pp. 224-226); - Interrogation request of Dr. Ernst Schertler to the Lodz Regional Court Lodz, 24 February 1964 containing a request to hear the testimony of Szmul Szulana Tencer regarding persecution and extermination in the Warsaw Ghetto (pp. 227-229); - Letter from Dr. Ernst Schertler to Prosecutor Beier, 24 February 1964 containing a rogatory letter from Polish courts and an application regarding the interrogation of Michalsen and Hantke (pp. 233-235); - Letter from Judge Dr. Ernst Schertler to Prosecutor Beier with the same content as the letter from pp. 230-232 (pp. 233-235); - Letter from the Documentation Center of the Federation of Jewish Prosecutors of the Nazi Regime to the Federal Ministry of Justice containing new knowledge regarding the training of murderers and training schools for murderers in Austria and Hadamar, 1941-1943; the castle in Hartheim was a euthanasia camp and training base for extermination camp personnel (p. 236); - Documentation Center document published in Vienna, 13 February 1964, regarding training schools for murderers, with reference to the issue of personnel in the extermination camps; specially trained people should organize the deportation and the extermination of the Jews; the aim of the training is to provide technical knowledge of the gassing process and the emotional strength required of a professional murderer. One paragraph of the document refers to euthanasia. The killing progress is described, as well as the ideology behind the word "Euthanasia". It has been proved that euthanasia was the precursor to the mass extermination of Jews; murderers at the Polish extermination camps and participants in "Aktion" Reinhard were educated people from the euthanasia camp in Hartheim and Hadamar (Nachschubstelle fuer Moerder- Reinforcement for Murder) (pp. 237-251); - Documents addressed to Landesgericht Wien, 02 March 1964 (pp. 252-253); - Letter to Dr. Ernst Schertler from Prosecutor Beier, 25 February 1964 containing protocols of the testimonies of various witnesses (p. 254); - Testimony of Margarethe Mohrenschildt, wife of the accused Mohrenschildt: Born 30 March 1916; arrival in Lublin to care for her brother-in-law, 1940; return to Berlin, June 1940; marriage to her husband Reinhold Mohrenschildt, September 1940; absence of her husband, spring-summer 1942; his return home, summer 1942; the witness does not know what her husband did in Lublin; knowledge of Lerch only from the list of accused (pp. 255-257); - Handwritten notice (p. 258); - Documents addressed to Landesgericht Wien containing various files (pp. 259-260); - Documents from the Lublin State Archives housed in Lublin in the Marie Curie University Library containing six different files: File One: No. 63 contains a protocol of Zjazdu Starostow/ Judenreferat; File Two: No. 270 contains a document entitled "Judensammelorte" (Jewish collection places); File Three: No. 746 contains a document entitled "Judeneinsatz" (Jewish tasks); File Four: No.106 contains a document entitled "ogolna korespondenija" (general correspondence); File Five: No. 273 contains a document entitled "Judenaussiedlung" (Jewish deportation); File Six: No. B contains documents from Yad Vashem. (pp. 261-281).