Testimony of Leon Herman Borer, born in Rudki, Poland, 1922, regarding his experiences in the Rudki Ghetto and in hiding in Rudki, Janovska, in the forest and in hiding in a village

Testimony of Leon Herman Borer, born in Rudki, Poland, 1922, regarding his experiences in the Rudki Ghetto and in hiding in Rudki, Janovska, in the forest and in hiding in a village Life before the war; from a traditional family; attends a local school. German occupation, 1939; murder of Jews; Soviet occupation; danger of deportation to Siberia; termination of employment; draft of his brother into the Red Army; German occupation, 1941; restrictions on the Jews including white armband and Jewish star; travel restrictions; abuse of Jews; deportation to forced labor; "Aktion"; finds a hiding place with his family; capture and deportation by train; escape back to the family home; deportation to the Rudki Ghetto, October 1941; ghetto life including typhus; liquidation of the ghetto, summer 1942; concentration of the Jews in the square; murder of his father in a nearby forest; deportation to Janovska on trucks; camp life including beatings; roll calls with a German orchestra; labor at a railroad station; labor digging sewers; escape via a sewer; life in a forest; life in a village including help from a Polish acquaintance; digging a trench for hiding in a deserted house; food from local families; life in hiding in the trench; liberation by the Red Army. Move to Rudki; drafted into the Red Army; wounded, February 1945; transfer to a hospital in Novograd Volynsk; life in the hospital in Novo Volynsk; discharge from the hospital; marriage; aliya to Israel, 1957.