Testimony of Yitzhak Kramer, born in Bonn, Germany, 1925, regarding his experiences in Germany and France

Testimony of Yitzhak Kramer, born in Bonn, Germany, 1925, regarding his experiences in Germany and France Antisemitism in Worms before the war; Kristallnacht events, November 1938. Life in Mannheim, 1938-1940; deportation with his family to Gurs and Rivesaltes camps in France and his stay in camp until June 1942; camp life; help to children by the Swiss Red Cross; Jewish Scouts activities with help from the YMCA; transfer to Lautrec, June 1942; unsuccessful attempt to escape to Switzerland, September 1942; detention in a prison in Annecy; release from prison because he is a minor; life in Guitalens while hidden by a farmer; joins a group of underground fighters under Maquis protection; move to Spain via the Pyrenees; sets sail to Eretz Israel, November 1944; joins a group in Kibbutz Degania Bet. Participation in combat at Zemach and Degania during the War of Independence.