Collective testimony of Abba Kovner, born in Sevastopol, Russia, 1918, Vitka (Kempner) Kovner, born in Kalisz, Poland, and Ruzka Korczak, born in Bielsko, Poland, 1922, regarding their experiences in the FPO underground in Vilna

Collective testimony of Abba Kovner, born in Sevastopol, Russia, 1918, Vitka (Kempner) Kovner, born in Kalisz, Poland, and Ruzka Korczak, born in Bielsko, Poland, 1922, regarding their experiences in the FPO underground in Vilna Activities of the FPO underground in Vilna; consolidation of the idea for armed struggle and the ways to carry it out under ghetto conditions; Wittenberg affair; the approach of Jacob Gens, the Judenrat head to saving the ghetto Jews; contacts with the Bialystok Ghetto and members of the local Communist underground; relations within the FPO; escape to the forest during the liquidation of the ghetto, September 1943.