Testimony of Marisha (Sharshevski) Kaminski, born in Łodz, Poland in 1918, regarding escape to Lwów and deportation to a labor camp in the east

Testimony of Marisha (Sharshevski) Kaminski, born in Łodz, Poland in 1918, regarding escape to Lwów and deportation to a labor camp in the east Life in a well-to-do, assimilated, non-Zionist family; attendance at Polish school; joining the illegal Communist movement ZMS (a student organization) at age 14; outbreak of the war; air raids on 4 September 1939; entry of the Germans on 8 September 1939; local Germans assisting the German army; burning of Great Synagogue; requirement to wear yellow badge; capture of witness on the street for various kinds of labor; arriving via Bialystok in Lwów, where her sister and brother-in-law were held by the NKVD as dangerous elements; crossing the Volga River by ferry; labor cutting down trees; barter with local population; outbreak of Russo-German War; the Sikorski-Mayski agreement; bringing of Tatar and Uzbek prisoners and maintaining good relations with them; traumatic birth; end of the war; return to Breslau, Poland in early 1946; move to Warsaw in 1948; Gomulka riots and wave of antisemitic incidents; aliya to Israel in 1954; absorption.